Can a Judge Hear a Case Involving a Doctor Who Treated Him for Free?

This source turns gratitude into a conflict-of-interest question. If a doctor previously treated a judge without charge and later appears before that judge as a litigant, can the earlier favor subtly influence the case? The unit asks whether a benefit that was not handed over as an explicit bribe can still create a form of indebtedness or bias. It is directly relevant to healthcare, professional favors and judicial ethics. The mapped source should not be reduced to the claim that every past kindness disqualifies a decision-maker. The nature, timing and significance of the benefit matter, and practical halakha requires source review.